名 míng "name" and 實 shí "substance" are juxtaposed in numerous places. The monkey trainer story (2.06) seems to imply that substance, not name, is what really matters. Likewise in 6.07, where Yan Hui complains that Mengsun Cai has the name of a mourner but not the substance. In 4.01 and 7.05, by contrast, name and substance seem to be dismissed together as things that people ordinarily value but sages ignore.